Bottom Round Roast (Global Beef Cut Guide)
Quick Answer
Bottom Round Roast (bottom round roast) is A lean, economical roast from the outer thigh. The classic American pot roast cut — braised low and slow with vegetables. Also used for deli roast beef when oven-roasted and sliced paper-thin. Tougher than inside round but more affordable. It sits on the round primal (Roast from the outside round / bottom round).Often compared to Outside Round (bottom round (outside round)).
Use the sections below for country-by-country retail names, translation deep-links, and comparisons—terminology matches the Cutranslator canonical entities (bottom round roast).
People also ask about this cut
What is Bottom Round Roast?
Bottom Round Roast (bottom round roast) is A lean, economical roast from the outer thigh. The classic American pot roast cut — braised low and slow with vegetables. Also used for deli roast beef when oven-roasted and sliced paper-thin. Tougher than inside round but more affordable.
Where does Bottom Round Roast come from on the cow?
Bottom Round Roast sits on the round primal at Roast from the outside round / bottom round.
What primal is Bottom Round Roast?
Is Bottom Round Roast the same as Outside Round?
How is Bottom Round Roast different from Top Round Steak?
Different muscle and primal: Bottom Round Roast is round; Top Round Steak follows its own canonical spec.
What is bottom round roast called in Brazil?
See the names-by-country list on this page for Brazilian retail synonyms mapped to Bottom Round Roast.
Is Bottom Round Roast tender?
Tenderness varies by exact muscle and preparation; A lean, economical roast from the outer thigh. The classic American pot roast cut — braised low and slow with vegetables…
Countries that use it
United States · Canada · Mexico · Panama · Costa Rica · Nicaragua · Honduras · El Salvador · Guatemala · Brazil · Argentina · Chile · Uruguay · Paraguay · Colombia · Venezuela · Peru · Bolivia · Ecuador · France · Germany · Italy · Spain · Portugal · Netherlands · Belgium · United Kingdom · Ireland · Switzerland · Denmark · Norway · Sweden · Finland · Austria · Czech Republic · Slovakia · Hungary · Poland · Slovenia · Croatia · Bosnia & Herzegovina · Montenegro · Albania · North Macedonia · Romania · Bulgaria · Greece · Estonia · Latvia · Lithuania · Belarus · Russia · Ukraine · Turkey · Israel · Egypt · Morocco · Iran · Saudi Arabia · Qatar · UAE · Kazakhstan · Uzbekistan · China · Japan · South Korea · Taiwan · Indonesia · Malaysia · Philippines · Singapore · Thailand · Vietnam · Australia · New Zealand · South Africa · Kenya · Nigeria · Ethiopia · Kerala · Tamil Nadu · Telangana · Andhra Pradesh · Maharashtra · Goa · Karnataka · Pakistan · Bangladesh · Uttar Pradesh · Punjab · Rajasthan · West Bengal · Central India · Meghalaya · Nagaland · Manipur · Sikkim · Northeast India (Other States)
Names by country
- United States: bottom round roast · Bottom round roast · Rump roast
- Canada: bottom round roast · Bottom round roast
- Mexico: bottom round roast
- Panama: bottom round roast
- Costa Rica: bottom round roast
- Nicaragua: bottom round roast
- Honduras: bottom round roast
- El Salvador: bottom round roast
- Guatemala: bottom round roast
- Brazil: bottom round roast
- Argentina: bottom round roast
- Chile: bottom round roast
- Uruguay: bottom round roast
- Paraguay: bottom round roast
- Colombia: bottom round roast
- Venezuela: bottom round roast
- Peru: bottom round roast
- Bolivia: bottom round roast
- Ecuador: bottom round roast
- France: bottom round roast
- Germany: bottom round roast
- Italy: bottom round roast
- Spain: bottom round roast
- Portugal: bottom round roast
- Netherlands: bottom round roast
- Belgium: bottom round roast
- United Kingdom: bottom round roast
- Ireland: bottom round roast
- Switzerland: bottom round roast
- Denmark: bottom round roast
- Norway: bottom round roast
- Sweden: bottom round roast
- Finland: bottom round roast
- Austria: bottom round roast
- Czech Republic: bottom round roast
- Slovakia: bottom round roast
- Hungary: bottom round roast
- Poland: bottom round roast
- Slovenia: bottom round roast
- Croatia: bottom round roast
- Bosnia & Herzegovina: bottom round roast
- Montenegro: bottom round roast
- Albania: bottom round roast
- North Macedonia: bottom round roast
- Romania: bottom round roast
- Bulgaria: bottom round roast
- Greece: bottom round roast
- Estonia: bottom round roast
- Latvia: bottom round roast
- Lithuania: bottom round roast
- Belarus: bottom round roast
- Russia: bottom round roast
- Ukraine: bottom round roast
- Turkey: bottom round roast
- Israel: bottom round roast
- Egypt: bottom round roast
- Morocco: bottom round roast
- Iran: bottom round roast
- Saudi Arabia: bottom round roast
- Qatar: bottom round roast
- UAE: bottom round roast
- Kazakhstan: bottom round roast
- Uzbekistan: bottom round roast
- China: bottom round roast
- Japan: bottom round roast
- South Korea: bottom round roast
- Taiwan: bottom round roast
- Indonesia: bottom round roast
- Malaysia: bottom round roast
- Philippines: bottom round roast
- Singapore: bottom round roast
- Thailand: bottom round roast
- Vietnam: bottom round roast
- Australia: bottom round roast
- New Zealand: bottom round roast
- South Africa: bottom round roast
- Kenya: bottom round roast
- Nigeria: bottom round roast
- Ethiopia: bottom round roast
- Kerala: bottom round roast
- Tamil Nadu: bottom round roast
- Telangana: bottom round roast
- Andhra Pradesh: bottom round roast
- Maharashtra: bottom round roast
- Goa: bottom round roast
- Karnataka: bottom round roast
- Pakistan: bottom round roast
- Bangladesh: bottom round roast
- Uttar Pradesh: bottom round roast
- Punjab: bottom round roast
- Rajasthan: bottom round roast
- West Bengal: bottom round roast
- Central India: bottom round roast
- Meghalaya: doh tyrkhong
- Nagaland: bottom round roast
- Manipur: bottom round roast
- Sikkim: sukuti · sukuti sadheko cut
- Northeast India (Other States): bottom round roast
Definition pages (all retail names)
Common confusions
- Often confused with or compared to: Outside Round, Top Round Steak.
- Also known as: rump roast, bottom round rump roast, round roast.
Related cuts
Featured comparisons
All translation routes
Every seeded source region × destination for this canonical cut.
- Canada → Albania (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Andhra Pradesh (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Argentina (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Australia (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Austria (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Bangladesh (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Belarus (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Belgium (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Bolivia (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Bosnia & Herzegovina (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Brazil (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Bulgaria (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Chile (bottom round roast)
- Canada → China (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Colombia (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Costa Rica (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Croatia (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Czech Republic (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Denmark (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Ecuador (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Egypt (bottom round roast)
- Canada → El Salvador (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Estonia (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Ethiopia (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Finland (bottom round roast)
- Canada → France (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Germany (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Goa (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Greece (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Guatemala (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Honduras (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Hungary (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Central India (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Indonesia (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Iran (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Ireland (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Israel (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Italy (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Japan (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Karnataka (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Kazakhstan (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Kenya (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Kerala (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Latvia (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Lithuania (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Maharashtra (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Malaysia (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Manipur (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Meghalaya (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Mexico (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Montenegro (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Morocco (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Nagaland (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Netherlands (bottom round roast)
- Canada → New Zealand (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Nicaragua (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Nigeria (bottom round roast)
- Canada → North Macedonia (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Northeast India (Other States) (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Norway (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Pakistan (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Panama (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Paraguay (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Peru (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Philippines (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Poland (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Portugal (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Punjab (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Qatar (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Rajasthan (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Romania (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Russia (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Saudi Arabia (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Sikkim (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Singapore (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Slovakia (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Slovenia (bottom round roast)
- Canada → South Africa (bottom round roast)
- Canada → South Korea (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Spain (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Sweden (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Switzerland (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Taiwan (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Tamil Nadu (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Telangana (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Thailand (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Turkey (bottom round roast)
- Canada → UAE (bottom round roast)
- Canada → United Kingdom (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Ukraine (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Uruguay (bottom round roast)
- Canada → United States (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Uttar Pradesh (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Uzbekistan (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Venezuela (bottom round roast)
- Canada → Vietnam (bottom round roast)
- Canada → West Bengal (bottom round roast)
- Meghalaya → Albania (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Andhra Pradesh (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Argentina (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Australia (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Austria (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Bangladesh (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Belarus (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Belgium (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Bolivia (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Bosnia & Herzegovina (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Brazil (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Bulgaria (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Canada (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Chile (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → China (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Colombia (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Costa Rica (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Croatia (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Czech Republic (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Denmark (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Ecuador (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Egypt (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → El Salvador (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Estonia (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Ethiopia (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Finland (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → France (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Germany (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Goa (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Greece (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Guatemala (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Honduras (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Hungary (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Central India (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Indonesia (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Iran (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Ireland (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Israel (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Italy (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Japan (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Karnataka (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Kazakhstan (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Kenya (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Kerala (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Latvia (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Lithuania (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Maharashtra (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Malaysia (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Manipur (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Mexico (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Montenegro (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Morocco (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Nagaland (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Netherlands (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → New Zealand (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Nicaragua (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Nigeria (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → North Macedonia (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Northeast India (Other States) (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Norway (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Pakistan (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Panama (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Paraguay (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Peru (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Philippines (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Poland (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Portugal (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Punjab (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Qatar (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Rajasthan (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Romania (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Russia (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Saudi Arabia (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Sikkim (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Singapore (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Slovakia (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Slovenia (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → South Africa (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → South Korea (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Spain (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Sweden (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Switzerland (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Taiwan (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Tamil Nadu (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Telangana (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Thailand (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Turkey (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → UAE (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → United Kingdom (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Ukraine (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Uruguay (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → United States (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Uttar Pradesh (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Uzbekistan (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Venezuela (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → Vietnam (doh tyrkhong)
- Meghalaya → West Bengal (doh tyrkhong)
- Sikkim → Albania (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Andhra Pradesh (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Argentina (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Australia (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Austria (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Bangladesh (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Belarus (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Belgium (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Bolivia (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Bosnia & Herzegovina (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Brazil (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Bulgaria (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Canada (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Chile (sukuti)
- Sikkim → China (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Colombia (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Costa Rica (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Croatia (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Czech Republic (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Denmark (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Ecuador (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Egypt (sukuti)
- Sikkim → El Salvador (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Estonia (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Ethiopia (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Finland (sukuti)
- Sikkim → France (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Germany (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Goa (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Greece (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Guatemala (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Honduras (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Hungary (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Central India (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Indonesia (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Iran (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Ireland (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Israel (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Italy (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Japan (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Karnataka (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Kazakhstan (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Kenya (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Kerala (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Latvia (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Lithuania (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Maharashtra (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Malaysia (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Manipur (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Meghalaya (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Mexico (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Montenegro (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Morocco (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Nagaland (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Netherlands (sukuti)
- Sikkim → New Zealand (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Nicaragua (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Nigeria (sukuti)
- Sikkim → North Macedonia (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Northeast India (Other States) (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Norway (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Pakistan (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Panama (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Paraguay (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Peru (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Philippines (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Poland (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Portugal (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Punjab (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Qatar (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Rajasthan (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Romania (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Russia (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Saudi Arabia (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Singapore (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Slovakia (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Slovenia (sukuti)
- Sikkim → South Africa (sukuti)
- Sikkim → South Korea (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Spain (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Sweden (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Switzerland (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Taiwan (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Tamil Nadu (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Telangana (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Thailand (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Turkey (sukuti)
- Sikkim → UAE (sukuti)
- Sikkim → United Kingdom (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Ukraine (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Uruguay (sukuti)
- Sikkim → United States (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Uttar Pradesh (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Uzbekistan (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Venezuela (sukuti)
- Sikkim → Vietnam (sukuti)
- Sikkim → West Bengal (sukuti)
- United States → Albania (bottom round roast)
- United States → Andhra Pradesh (bottom round roast)
- United States → Argentina (bottom round roast)
- United States → Australia (bottom round roast)
- United States → Austria (bottom round roast)
- United States → Bangladesh (bottom round roast)
- United States → Belarus (bottom round roast)
- United States → Belgium (bottom round roast)
- United States → Bolivia (bottom round roast)
- United States → Bosnia & Herzegovina (bottom round roast)
- United States → Brazil (bottom round roast)
- United States → Bulgaria (bottom round roast)
- United States → Canada (bottom round roast)
- United States → Chile (bottom round roast)
- United States → China (bottom round roast)
- United States → Colombia (bottom round roast)
- United States → Costa Rica (bottom round roast)
- United States → Croatia (bottom round roast)
- United States → Czech Republic (bottom round roast)
- United States → Denmark (bottom round roast)
- United States → Ecuador (bottom round roast)
- United States → Egypt (bottom round roast)
- United States → El Salvador (bottom round roast)
- United States → Estonia (bottom round roast)
- United States → Ethiopia (bottom round roast)
- United States → Finland (bottom round roast)
- United States → France (bottom round roast)
- United States → Germany (bottom round roast)
- United States → Goa (bottom round roast)
- United States → Greece (bottom round roast)
- United States → Guatemala (bottom round roast)
- United States → Honduras (bottom round roast)
- United States → Hungary (bottom round roast)
- United States → Central India (bottom round roast)
- United States → Indonesia (bottom round roast)
- United States → Iran (bottom round roast)
- United States → Ireland (bottom round roast)
- United States → Israel (bottom round roast)
- United States → Italy (bottom round roast)
- United States → Japan (bottom round roast)
- United States → Karnataka (bottom round roast)
- United States → Kazakhstan (bottom round roast)
- United States → Kenya (bottom round roast)
- United States → Kerala (bottom round roast)
- United States → Latvia (bottom round roast)
- United States → Lithuania (bottom round roast)
- United States → Maharashtra (bottom round roast)
- United States → Malaysia (bottom round roast)
- United States → Manipur (bottom round roast)
- United States → Meghalaya (bottom round roast)
- United States → Mexico (bottom round roast)
- United States → Montenegro (bottom round roast)
- United States → Morocco (bottom round roast)
- United States → Nagaland (bottom round roast)
- United States → Netherlands (bottom round roast)
- United States → New Zealand (bottom round roast)
- United States → Nicaragua (bottom round roast)
- United States → Nigeria (bottom round roast)
- United States → North Macedonia (bottom round roast)
- United States → Northeast India (Other States) (bottom round roast)
- United States → Norway (bottom round roast)
- United States → Pakistan (bottom round roast)
- United States → Panama (bottom round roast)
- United States → Paraguay (bottom round roast)
- United States → Peru (bottom round roast)
- United States → Philippines (bottom round roast)
- United States → Poland (bottom round roast)
- United States → Portugal (bottom round roast)
- United States → Punjab (bottom round roast)
- United States → Qatar (bottom round roast)
- United States → Rajasthan (bottom round roast)
- United States → Romania (bottom round roast)
- United States → Russia (bottom round roast)
- United States → Saudi Arabia (bottom round roast)
- United States → Sikkim (bottom round roast)
- United States → Singapore (bottom round roast)
- United States → Slovakia (bottom round roast)
- United States → Slovenia (bottom round roast)
- United States → South Africa (bottom round roast)
- United States → South Korea (bottom round roast)
- United States → Spain (bottom round roast)
- United States → Sweden (bottom round roast)
- United States → Switzerland (bottom round roast)
- United States → Taiwan (bottom round roast)
- United States → Tamil Nadu (bottom round roast)
- United States → Telangana (bottom round roast)
- United States → Thailand (bottom round roast)
- United States → Turkey (bottom round roast)
- United States → UAE (bottom round roast)
- United States → United Kingdom (bottom round roast)
- United States → Ukraine (bottom round roast)
- United States → Uruguay (bottom round roast)
- United States → Uttar Pradesh (bottom round roast)
- United States → Uzbekistan (bottom round roast)
- United States → Venezuela (bottom round roast)
- United States → Vietnam (bottom round roast)
- United States → West Bengal (bottom round roast)